Diuretics Used in Sport

Alan Green W10013152 Methods of enquiry in sport and exercise science Structured essay Diuretics used in sport Diuretics are chemicals which are often used in sport to aid performance. The function of diuretics is to change the natural balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Some athletes use diuretics to control weight; this is especially important in sports such as boxing where participants need to meet weight categories. Not only can diuretics help athletes to perform in lighter weight categories, they can also be used as a masking agent for other drugs.Diuretics dilute urine which can often help pass drugs tests. It is important that drugs such as diuretics are identified and managed in sports performance. This is especially true at elite levels as athletes have an unfair advantage when taking drugs to improve success. The use of research questions can help the understanding of drugs such as diuretics being used in sport. For research questions to be beneficial they have to be all of the following: Specific, measurable, achievable and realistic. Below are 4 specific research questions based around diuretics being used at elite levels in sport.By identifying research questions, understanding of the problem is increased: 1. To what extent can diuretics be used to improve an athlete’s performance? The use of this research question will allow the understanding of the physiological effect diuretics have on the body of an athlete. Article: Drugs in sport: Diuretics and masking agents. Mottram. 2. What is the relationship between diuretic consumption and the masking of performance enhancing drugs? Answering this research question will allow the understanding on how diuretics can be used as a masking agent for other performance enhancing drugs.Article: Exercise and sports nutrition: Principles, Promises, science and recommendations. Krieder et al. 3. What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted ? By answering this research question, the ethics behind sport and fair play can be understood. Article: Anti-doping policies: New directions, Waddington and Smith. 4. What effects does the long term use of diuretics have on dehydration? Answering this research question will help the understanding of the effects of changing the natural balance of fluids in the body and how they can affect the liver causing dehydration.Article: Performance enhancing drugs in sport and exercise, Bahrke and Yesalis 5. What effect doe duretics have on cell structure The question being used for the remainder of this essay is: What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted? This question can be used to understand the issues around the use of diuretics in sport. By using this research question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Academic disciplines which provide theorectical underpinning to the research This question can help the understanding of the psychological effects on using diuretics.Allowing the use of diuretics in sport would affect athletes psychologically by making them feel superior and confident about their performance. However if performance enhancing drugs were legalised in sport, athletes would have unfair advantages. Diuretics are commonly used in sports which have weight categories such as boxing and body building In order to collect data from the research question, it has to be operationalised. Design Sample Instrumental Data analysis One problem with validity, one with reliability and one with ethics ValidityTo answer this I looked at what validity is in research terms. Basically validity is whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring and as objectively as it says it is. Is the researcher really looking to prove a point or disprove a point and in doing so have they used a) Valid research questions to measure the required information and b) Is the research really measuring what is says it is measuring It is not difficult to see that if the answer to the above questions are both â€Å"no† then the research must be said to be invalid ReliabilityReliability looks at whether the research can be reliable in as much as can it be applied to a wider group with confidence that the same or similar results will follow thus making the research reliable. It is clear that reliability has a direct link then to sample sizes and sample validity and the spectrum of the sample, for example if a piece of company research only sampled 50 of its customers from 20,000 customers all of whom had completed a satisfaction survey and returned it with positive result in the past, could this be said to be a reliable as it has clearly taken a relatively small sample and unethically used past known positives?It can be seen that the data capture process or research methods have a big impact on reliability. Ethics Again I sought to answer this question by looking at what ethics was in both normal everyday si tuations and in research terms. In both cases it appears to be about morals and right and wrong. The debate in research terms seems to be a very large one, however I came across this statement â€Å"†¦.. our assumption is that academic freedom does not confer a â€Å"right to do research† Anthropology Matters Journal 2010, Vol 12 (1) http://eprints. oas. ac. uk/10352/1/The_problem_of_ethics_in_contemporary_anthropological_research. pdf From this and further reading I think the single biggest problem with research ethics is different people have different ethical value bases and believe different things are right and wrong. It is clear however that if the ethical basis of the research can be easily attacked then it validity and reliability must both come into question.It is also clear that different sectors of society may take different views from different perspectives i. e. a financial institutuion may take a different view than a church. References: ALPHABETICAL ORDER Waddingoton, I. Smith, A. (2009) Addicted to winning? An introduction to drugs in sport. Richard B. Kreider, Brian C. Leutholtz, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch 2009 Michael S. Bahrke, Charles Yesalis – 2002 – David. R Mottram 2011 5th editition

Emotions/ Moods and the Group Essay

In assessing my own role within the organization, I have come to conclusion that there were several basic questions to be answered. First, I wanted to clearly understand what factors motivated me at workplace. Second, I wanted to determine my managerial skills and to understand whether I needed job enrichment. Third, I had to know whether I was capable of following ethical standards at work, and how I managed my stress. All these questions were answered by me through the set of specially designed self-assessments. Motivation and job enrichment are the two categories which have for long been interrelated. In her article, Payne (2007) defined job enrichment as â€Å"increasing an employee’s responsibility and control over his or her work† (p. 235). As a result, job enrichment is one of the major pathways towards increasing employee motivation. Despite the fact that I was traditionally satisfied with my job, the first self-assessment test has revealed my low job motivating potential. With the score of 32 (against 128 in average) I could hardly hope to increase this motivation in the nearest future. Simultaneously, I have come to conclusion, and this conclusion was absolutely natural in terms of the previous result, that job enrichment is what I needed working in this organization. Probably, this was the reasons of my being unable to identify my role in this organization: motivated employees better realize what they do, and what they can do for their company (Payne 2007, p. 237). In this search of the â€Å"organizational self† understanding what type of organization I preferred could shed the light onto my organizational skills and roles; yet, the self-assessment test has not led me to any relevant conclusions. The results have shown that I did not have any clear preferences as for the type of organization in which I would like to work. Consequentially, I have come to understanding the two basic things: first, as far as I did not display any organizational preferences, I could find myself and realize myself in any company; second, the problem of motivation did not lie in the type of organization, but in the attitudes of management, and the conditions in which I had to work. A study conducted by Chiaburn and Marinova (2006) has researched the connection between fairness and employee role enlargement within an organization. The authors have come to conclusion that fairness-related components can play significant role in enhancing the employee role (Chiaburn & Marinova 2006, p. 176); but is it possible for an employee to drive his own motivation and to manage these aspects? The results of several other self-assessments have led me to the realization of the following facts: my political skills in organization are better than average, which presupposes that in my daily performance I follow fundamental ethical principles; I am committed to my organization, and display extremely high motivation to manage. Simultaneously, I am capable of managing turbulent changes, have low probability of stress-related stress changes (35-50%), and is far from experiencing burnout (my score is 2. 43 with 7 being the maximal result for this assessment scale). Self-assessment tests have helped me to realize what I mean for the organization, what limitations I face on my way towards better career, and what problems I have in my professional development. I realize that I can manage people but my current responsibilities do not leave enough space for me to act. I do not have professional opportunity to display my abilities, and thus I do not possess clear perspectives for my career growth. Although my organizational profile cannot be called perfect, and I have to be prepared to certain risks (stresses and burnouts), my profile in general is connected with significant career potential. As long as I have no possibility to realize it in the current organization, I could think of changing my employment. Bearing in mind that I do not display any clear preferences as for the type of organization, I expect that I would be able to easily adjust to any new organizational environment. Conclusion My profile has clearly determined my role in the organization and the problems of my career development. What I currently realize is that I have to look for other opportunities to realize my potential. What I now have is the clear understanding of my positive sides and constraints, which I have to face in my professional career within any organization I choose.

The strategic marketing approaches that could be adopted by the hotel Essay

The strategic marketing approaches that could be adopted by the hotel industry in Songdo in South Korea - Essay Example According to the 2005 reports, there was influx of tourists from abroad at an increase of around 3.5% at 6.02 million than that of previous year 2004.3 The present chapter assumes to identify key literatures, articles and journals to study the economic situation in South Korean and the market for the hotel industry. An attempt is also made to evaluate strategic marketing theory for hotel industries. The literature about Korea's economy is broadly in agreement, it discusses the recent rapid growth promoted by foreign investment. The academic marketing literature covered for this review all emphasized the importance of targeting a specific market and proper consideration of the marketing mix, although each book presented different tactics. Korea is enriched with important and interesting two thousands year of history and culture. The Korean history is also been victimized due to division and turmoil as many other nations have been divided making it vulnerable to its neighbours from West, East and North. (Hoare and Rutt, 1999)4 The Korean journey to industrialization commenced in the 1960s with the inception of First Five Year Plan wherein the government made a deliberate shift of policy from inward looking growth strategy of import substitution to the outward looking growth strategy of export promotion. Later in 70s Korea promoted heavy and chemical industry, in 80s rationalization and liberalization of industries and labours took place, globalization in the 90s, and then the dreadful economic crisis of 1997 that ruined the economy temporarily.5 Despite the ups and downs throughout the history, South Korea has emerged has winner and one of the Asian superpower in the region. Due to its rich heritage and cultural backg round, it is not surprising that Korea is a much sought after tourist destination which provides ample employment opportunities to the Korean in field of hospitality sector. Kim, Shin and Chon (1998) state that the South Korean hotel industry has finally reached its peak after more than two decades of rapid growth in tourism following the Summer Olympic Games, and had begun to taper off at the time of writing. (http://www.allbusiness.com) Min, Min and Emam, (2002) contradicts with Kim, Shin and Chon (1998), in 1998 there was not a tapering off instead tourism grew up to 2002. As the South Korea's tourism revenue increased, the hotel industry also expanded its capacity very much by increasing the number of guest rooms and building new hotels. It has led to over building of hotels subsequently competition among hotels has increased. Thus, Hotels continue to seek new way to increase their market share in changing markets. The hotel sector has been chosen for this study because the hotel industry comprises one of the largest sectors of the tourism and hospitality industry in terms of capital investment and tourist expenditure, and hotels are major foreign cu rrency earners (Kim and Uysal 1998). Min, Min and Joo (2008) argue that South Korea's hotel industry in greater danger from competitive threats and

Moral Responsibility of a Leader Research Paper

Moral Responsibility of a Leader - Research Paper Example Intercultural impacts and massive communication facilities are leading us towards next major evolutionary step in human history, the world citizenship. Every individual involved in this process is required to lead an interconnected group in a subtle way. Hence every citizen of the planet is required to hone their leadership abilities like never before. Their leadership quality should be governed by ethics more than personal or group oriented preferences (Schmidt, 2007). But, the way the world works show we are treading in the exact opposite direction. No one ever takes responsibility of any mishap. Rush Kidder pinpoints the lack of this major moral responsibility as â€Å"Ethics Recession†. We will discuss the reasons for the situation, its adverse affects and the means to change into better leaders in this paper. Introduction Every moral leader is responsible not only for their actions but also the dealings they could have prevented doing for the welfare of everyone. Huge corporate companies and conglomerations which will lead this technological era should have iron willed leaders capable of choosing the best for both their company as well as the world in general. This is where ethics come is picture. Every good leader considers all the given options and its alternatives before taking any major decision. They analyze the consequences and the emotional impacts that might affect his crew and others in general. They take firm decisions which are profitable to the company and his employees. They also take the moral responsibility for any discomfort caused by this action (Taylor, 2000). They compensate groups or people affected in the required way and convince them to co-operate in the big picture of development, putting aside their personal grievances. This is exactly how moral leaders behaved for centuries. But the question here is ‘Why is there a sudden decline in such effective leadership?’ Every problem the world faces today, from economical recession to, terrorism and infiltration are a result of this lack of moral leadership (Anello, 2006). The US housing bubble, a major reason for the recession is the best example for what lack of work ethics will do. What happene d to our modern and moral citizens? Will world citizens be well dressed cannibals eating others opportunities whenever possible? If so is it development or a path to destruction? To find suitable answers to these questions we should first define â€Å"Morals† and â€Å"Ethics† The Enormous Responsibility of Leadership The word â€Å"Value† refers to something of importance. A commodity or a products value is determined based on its importance. Similarly the â€Å"Value† of a person is also determined based on his position or status. The decision taken by the ruler or the leader has more â€Å"Value† than the decision taken by a normal man. But every leader including the King was expected to follow some moral conducts known as â€Å"ethics† to maintain this â€Å"value† or their position in the ancient world. When the mob refused to follow its ethics, dictators arouse. When Kings failed to add â€Å"Value† to their decisions thr ough non ethical conduct, the church condemned them and revolutions arouse. The higher the position is the necessity to follow the code of conduct or ethics increases. Hence most of the nobles, church dignitaries and Kings

James Thurber and Humor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

James Thurber and Humor - Essay Example Quality of humor is necessary for the best efficacy of comforting interactions, as humor allows for reframing of the problem in ways in which distressed individuals are unable to perceive thus aiming to make humor not only a comfort provider but also a healing promoter as well. Thurber has been a predominant literary figure in the genre of humor, satire and wit (Gottlieb, Robert). His letters have the remarkable natural style of easy flowing conversation, "They're the overflow of a professional writer" (Gottlieb). Thurber's professional background in journalism gave him the requisite training to turn out copious amounts of work for "The New Yorker", where he made his initial mark. His works besides talk pieces included several pieces of humor, however what came to dominate his works was a wistful look at his past, writing about whom were closer to him and memories associated with them. One of his noted achievements were his cartoons and drawings, and not to forget "Walter Mitty" - Walter Mitty is as well known as any other literary creation, so much so according to Gootlieb, Walter Mitty's character gives a name to an important human trait which we all posess. Thurber's letters cover the range of human emotions, he is outspoken as well as gentle - the letters give an unabashed look at Thurber's self. Thurber's letters, unfortunately are repetitive at times and at times lack the emphasis on important aspects of Thurber's life(Gottlieb). Although Thurber has been compared to Mark Twain (Pritchard, William H. October 2003), his published letters for want of editing fail to sparkle appropriately. He was driven by the "satirist's itch", (Pritchard) which made his writing from exhibiting dry humor to being biting and bitter as he come party to host of health issues, including a brain tumor. Laura Carroll has interpreted James Thurber's "My Life in Hard Times" using the vehicles of Freudian theory (Carroll, Laura, 101-103). Laura has presented the usage of humor to be analogous to Freud theory of ego and psychic other self, the instances of offering humorous offerings to the reader are taken apart and dissected whereas other instances of gaiety are treated as looking on one part of the self to the other. The treatment critiques the structure of James Thurber's work and gives insight for researcher or critical reader. Thurber successfully employs nostalgic reflection on his younger self, being bemused as if another entity is being watched, acting out the duo relationship between the Freudian ego and superego (Laura). Another aspect of humor is presented as a contrast to Thurber's by Rebecca Mead (Mead, Rebecca, Jan 2005). She traces the development of an online magazine "collegehumor.com" exploring the lives of four friends who moved to New York City and started this venture. This magazine was started in 1999 and it focused on being a repository of jokes, emails and photographs that college graduates liked to share. This magazine became the focal point of college life, added on with and bits and pieces of multimedia dormitory content, rowdy images (like girls kissing or without their tops) and basically anything of what college kids think would Thurber 3 be funny. Student's attraction to "loud" humor has been prevalent since middle ages and this was exploited in this site famously. Rebecca compares Thurber's era of twenties and that contribution

Read the following paper on Petroleum Engineering education and Essay

Read the following paper on Petroleum Engineering education and prepare a review summary report. ( read page 2, page 3 and page 4 ) - Essay Example Operations in the centre began in the year 2001 using an intricate system to select candidates because it allows for enrolment of students who have the capacity to capture significant information within a short time. Presently, the centre boasts of a competent team of mentors and research officers with each having a steadfast specialty in a given aspect of field development. The instructors can present and support various development projects before state officials. This makes the centre proud of having competent personnel focused on training elite individuals to work in oil companies. Academic success of learners entirely depends on the eminence of their background education. This calls for collaboration amid universities (Heriot- Watt University, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Pokholkov & Dmitriev 4). The most notable contribution made by the centre is the ability to improve the education quality control system. This is through the introduction of a component pertaining to training that allows for holding of mock examinations in accordance to the identical procedures as real exams. The exams are used to monitor the present academic progress of learners. Conclusively, graduates from the centre boast of favourable career prospects. They have a higher likelihood of holding top positions in major oil companies in the coming

Describe and analyse in detail the dramatic importance and visual Essay

Describe and analyse in detail the dramatic importance and visual impact of the Mediterranean setting in Et Dieu cra la femme - Essay Example It played a great part in the conceptualization of the premise of the movies. To fully comprehend the effect of the different elements of the movie, the impact of the points has to be analyzed in its total form. The formation of the script is important and the Mediterranean settings play an instrumental role in the setting. The classical conceptualization of the plot is one of the strong points. The impact of the Mediterranean setting on the movie can be comprehended form the overall complicity of the movie with the settings. The film has all the element of the modern day cinema and even pushed the boundaries in terms of the classical representation. This ensured the fundamental nature of the movie. STORY SYNOPSIS The central characters of the film are justified by the Mediterranean settings in the movie. The central plot of the movie is based on this situation of the movie. The Mediterranean settings added a certain degree of charm to the surroundings. This is seen in the heightened sense of sensuality of the movie. The overall development of the movie was seen to be a result on that stress on sensuality. The elements of drama have been seen in the movie and this has endeared the movie to the watchers. The movies were made in the golden age of French drama. It was seen to have all the elements of the genre in place. The progression of the story is significant in terms of the elements involved in the characterization of the movie. The film was directed by Roger Vadim and starred Brigitte Bardot in it. It is the film that is widely credited to have led to the rise of stardom of Bardot. The conceptualization and the development of the story have a touch of sensuality to it. The story has all the elements that glamorize the settings. If the plot is very keenly observed, it can be seen that the story has concordance with the Mediterranean settings. The sensuousness of the story has been helped by the concept that the story has shown. This is one of the primal parts of the story that is of significance. The film has a very heavy content of sexuality, which has helped in the formation of the concept of the movie. The film is responsible for pushing the boundaries of American cinema when it comes to the representation of sensuality in the European cinema. The film has multiple elements that have ensured that the core elements of the movies are represented in the best manner. The film has the narration of the experience of Juliette, an orphan that has very high degree of sexual energy present in her. She does not conform to the rules present in the society in every manner. This is representative of the fundamental elements of the film. There is no effort in the hiding of innate sensuality that is present in all the characters. This becomes even more profound from the habits that have been shown in the movies. She lies naked in the backyard, does not wear the shoes and also does not follow any of the rules and the regulations that need to be follo wed by the people in the society. There is no regard for the men around in her life in terms of the sexuality. Eric Carradine was one of the earliest suitors in of her. He wanted to build a casino, but the plans are laid to waste by the efforts of the Tardieu family, who are blocking the efforts to build the casino in town. The creation of all the characters is seen as a part of the natural progression of the